In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. (Matthew 7:15, Matthew 10:16 and Acts 20:29). Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. [65][71][72], Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. The character has been interpreted as an allegorical sexual predator. As such, the novel has caused controversy with the Chinese Communist Party. [140], Wolves can carry over 30 roundworm species, though most roundworm infections appear benign, depending on the number of worms and the age of the host. [185] In both Hinduism and Buddhism, the wolf is ridden by gods of protection. [49], In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow Gloger's rule, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. Similar in size, and related, to the wolves of North America. [11] Studies using paleogenomic techniques reveal that the modern wolf and the dog are sister taxa, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first domesticated. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and endotoxic shock or sepsis, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups. Pups first leave the den after three weeks. [210], Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased cortisol levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory. [41] In 1970, L. David Mech proposed that there was "probably far too many subspecific designations...in use", as most did not exhibit enough points of differentiation to be classified as separate subspecies. With smaller prey like beaver, geese, and hares, there is no risk to the wolf. Young females give birth to four to five young, and older females from six to eight young and up to 14. The subspecies of Canis lupus are listed in Mammal Species of the World. [109][110][111] In 2017, a study of mitochondrial DNA, X-chromosome (maternal lineage) markers and Y-chromosome (male lineage) markers found that the Himalayan wolf was genetically basal to the holarctic grey wolf and has an association with the African golden wolf. Wheeldon TJ, Rutledge LY, Patterson BR, White BN, Wilson PJ, 2013. In addition, he recognized C. l. communis as a subspecies distinct from C. l. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792, [81] Wolves encounter cougars along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. [47] In warm climates, the fur is coarser and scarcer than in northern wolves. Sous-espèce Canis lupus arabs Pocock , 1934 Le loup d'Arabie (Canis lupus arabs), ou loup arabe, est une sous-espèce de loup gris (Canis lupus) que l'on trouvait autrefois dans toute la péninsule arabique. Their mortality rate is 60–80%. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758, [36] Lice, such as Trichodectes canis, may cause sickness in wolves, but rarely death. [40] Under Canadian law, First Nations people can hunt wolves without restrictions, but others must acquire licenses for the hunting and trapping seasons. Both species are not generally endorsed by the scientific community (Shortriya et al. These include a large-toothed Arctic wolf named C. l. arctos, a large wolf from Alaska and western Canada named C. l. occidentalis, a small wolf from southeastern Canada named C. l. lycaon, a small wolf from the southwestern U.S. named C. l. baileyi and a moderate-sized wolf that was originally found from Texas to Hudson Bay and from Oregon to Newfoundland named C. l. However, those wolf populations living in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan are listed in its Appendix I, indicating that these may become extinct without restrictions on their trade. [120], When hunting large gregarious prey, wolves will try to isolate an individual from its group. Thorny-headed worms rarely infect wolves, though three species have been identified in Russian wolves: Nicolla skrjabini, Macrocantorhynchus catulinus, and Moniliformis moniliformis. Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa: Ostralya; habagatang Asya; Amerika … The taxonomic name of this wolf is disputed, with the species Canis himalayensis being proposed based on two limited DNA studies. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758, [137] Wolves are a major host for rabies in Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq and India. Such attacks typically occur only locally and do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated. [168] In East Asia, Mongolia's population numbers 10,000–20,000. [4][5] The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species. In the wild, surplus killing occurs primarily during late winter or spring, when snow is unusually deep (thus impeding the movements of prey)[132] or during the denning period, when den bound wolves require a ready supply of meat. In China, Heilongjiang has roughly 650 wolves, Xinjiang has 10,000 and Tibet has 2,000. For other species of wolf and other uses, see, "Grey Wolf" and "Gray Wolf" redirect here. The Latin classification translates into English as "dog wolf". [36] The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and in Europe 5.5 wolves. grajus Gmelin, 1792, [148] On October 29, 2020, it was announced that the wolf would be delisted from the ESA. Sequence archive. hodophilax. ", "Tools for the Edge: What's New for Conserving Carnivores", 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0253:TFTEWN]2.0.CO;2, 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1195:HRTPSH]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf&oldid=992963674, Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Geographic Range. [54][55] The wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey,[40] with a pack of 15 able to bring down an adult moose. [130], With medium-sized prey, such as roe deer or sheep, wolves kill by biting the throat, severing nerve tracks and the carotid artery, thus causing the animal to die within a few seconds to a minute. The Ancient Greeks associated wolves with Apollo, the god of light and order. [40] Wolves were given protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, and have since returned to parts of their former range thanks to both natural recolonizations and reintroductions. [56] The variation in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey. [105], The Iberian wolf was first recognised as a distinct subspecies (Canis lupus signatus) in 1907 by zoologist Ángel Cabrera. The speed of sprinting prey is closely related to the speed of their main predators. One specimen from Zhejiang province in eastern China shared gene flow with the wolves from southern China, however its genome was 12-14 percent admixed with a canid that may be the dhole or an unknown canid that predates the genetic divergence of the dhole. One wolf chased a caribou for 8 km (5 mi), another chased and tracked a deer for 20 km (12 mi), and one 11-year-old wolf chased and caught an Arctic hare after seven minutes. [65], In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat carrion. Their vision is as good as a human's, and they can smell prey at least 2.4 km (1 1⁄2 mi) away. [3] Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog",[9] and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. [45], In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. Attacks also occur on the fleshy nose, the back and sides of the neck, the ears, and the perineum. [138] In wolves, the incubation period is eight to 21 days, and results in the host becoming agitated, deserting its pack, and travelling up to 80 km (50 mi) a day, thus increasing the risk of infecting other wolves. [152], Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries. [144] In Alaska, 7,000–11,000 wolves are found on 85% of the state's 1,517,733 km2 (586,000 sq mi). laniarius Gmelin, 1792, Of 30,000 protozoan species, only a few have been recorded to infect wolves: Isospora, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Babesia, and Giardia. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog. The historical use of shepherd dogs across Eurasia has been effective against wolf predation,[219][223] especially when confining sheep in the presence of several livestock guardian dogs. A small subspecies with pelage shorter than that of northern wolves and with little to no underfur. [225], Predatory attacks may be preceded by a long period of habituation, in which wolves gradually lose their fear of humans. [90] The wolf's basic social unit is the nuclear family consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. When building dens, females make use of natural shelters like fissures in rocks, cliffs overhanging riverbanks and holes thickly covered by vegetation. Such markers can last for two to three weeks,[98] and are typically placed near rocks, boulders, trees, or the skeletons of large animals. [97] Prey density tends to be much higher on the territory's periphery. … antarcticus Gmelin, 1792, [198] The hunting of wolves, and their attacks on humans and livestock, feature prominently in Russian literature, and are included in the works of Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Ivan Bunin, Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev, and others. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. [7] However, the classification of several of these canines as either species or subspecies has recently been challenged. Canis lupus is assessed as least concern by the IUCN, as its relatively widespread range and stable population trend mean that the species, at … To survive, wolves must be able to solve two problems—finding a prey animal, then confronting it. [142] Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. This implies the original morphologically diverse wolf populations were out-competed and replaced by more modern wolves. This canid is genetically close to the dhole and evolved after the divergence of the African hunting dog from the other canid species. In Vedic Hinduism, the wolf is a symbol of the night and the daytime quail must escape from its jaws. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. [2] The table below shows the extant subspecies, with the extinct ones listed in the following section. The wolf (Canis lupus[a]), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. melitacus Gmelin, 1792, [120], The wolf must give chase and gain on its fleeing prey, slow it down by biting through thick hair and hide, and then disable it enough to begin feeding. Feral domestic dogs impact ecosystems primarily through predation on native wildlife, often resulting in severe population declines, especially of island endemic species. The Alexander Archipelago wolf (Canis lupus ligoni), also known as the Islands wolf, is a subspecies of the northwestern wolf, Canis lupus occidentalis. Canis lupus arabs (Arabian wolf) Canis lupus arctos (Grey wolf) Canis lupus baileyi … Reviewed by Mech (1974, Mammalian Species, 37) Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus in Linnaeus (1758), but both were published simultaneously, and C. lupus has been universally used for this species [excerpted from Mammal Species of the World, 3d Edition, p. 281] (ITIS, 2004). Wolves are also territorial and fights over territory are among the principal causes of wolf mortality. Trophic role: Carnivorous Persistence mechanisms: C. lupus familiaris is a social species that can adapt to hostile environments, as long as food and water are available. Canis: Espesye: Canis lupus: Siyentipikinhong Ngalan; Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758: Kaliwatan sa ayam ang lobo sa espesye nga Canis lupus. 1991; Wayne and The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)", "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: Cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration? The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. [160], In southern Asia, the northern regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan are important strongholds for wolves. The average weight is 13 to 20 kg. l. alces – C. l. arabs – C. l. arctos – C. l. baileyi – †C. [119], The most common point of wolf attacks on moose is the upper hind legs. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. U.S.FWS Species profile about species listing status, federal register publications, recovery, critical habitat, conservation planning, petitions, and life history. In winter, when snow accumulation forces their prey into valleys, interactions between the two species become more likely. Giklaseklase sa IUCN ang kaliwatan sa kinaminosang kalabotan. [45] Females in any given wolf population typically weigh 2.3–4.5 kg (5–10 lb) less than males. In the rare cases where other wolves are adopted, the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal of one to three years old, and unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair. cursorius Gmelin, 1792, The C. l. occidentalis of Nowak (1995) synonymizes alces, columbianus, griseoalbus, mackenzii, panbasileus and tundrarum.[2]. The wolf is also distinguished from other Canis species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. [2][154], Wolves have been persecuted in Europe for centuries, having been exterminated in Great Britain by 1684, in Ireland by 1770, in Central Europe by 1899, in France by the 1930s, and in much of Scandinavia by the early 1970s. hodophilax. 5,400 years ago dogs started diverging into the multitude of different breeds known today attacks in winter, when feed! For the animal lupus ( * lúkʷos ) to avoid fatal confrontations with neighbouring.... 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