Fig. This finding is broadly consistent with other estimates of mangrove protection, which indicate that 2 to 7 km of mangrove width would be needed to fully attenuate storm surge for the hurricanes that make up the bulk of our sample (categories 1 to 3).§ Moreover, our estimates suggest that this effect is economically relevant. The explosive growth of shrimp farming, urban expansion, climate change and other aspects of economic development reduced mangrove forests by as much as 35% between 1980 and 2000. The establishment of protected areas is a main policy tool to conserve mangrove forests and their services and benefits, and to prevent further mangrove loss. Second, we sum the line segments to measure cumulative mangrove width on the shortest path to the coast. The second set of results shows that the impact of hurricanes in these storm surge-prone areas decreases as the width of mangrove increases. These satellites record daily cloud formation by measuring the amount of moonlight reflected by clouds at night. Specifically, we show that we find very similar results using a wide range of alternative assumptions for the inference of SEs, the construction of the hurricane damage function, the calculation of mangrove width, and the model specification. We then explore using a binning estimator whether there is a negative and plausibly nonlinear relationship between mangroves and hurricane damages. 42 considers areas with elevation less than 8 m as vulnerable to storm surge. Fig. for the Matang mangrove forest, timber … 2A, model 2 (q = 3) and model 3 (q = 4) show the same decreasing pattern of hurricane damage, with full mitigation of damages taking place in the last bin: that is, for model 2, the third tercile (mangrove width greater than 1 km and average width of 2 km) and for model 3, the fourth quartile (mangrove width greater than 1.26 km and average width of 2.3 km). An example of the usefulness of ESEV is the economic valuation of mangrove forests in India, which has shown a significant rise in mangrove cover in the State of Gujarat post-1993 that is attributed to mangrove plantation or regeneration activities in the state (Sahu et al., 2015, FSI, 2011). As described in the data section, to rule out that the reduction in damages is generated by the characteristics of the habitat, we further exclude from the sample cells that historically have not had mangrove on their path to the coast. * This storm surge-prone area is composed of 7,758 cells (3.6% of all cells). Direct use values … The Coastal Capital series was launched in 2005 and aims to provide decision-makers in the Caribbean with information and tools that link the health of coastal ecosystems—including coral reefs, mangroves, and beaches with the attainment of economic and social goals. By fully exploiting the high spatial resolution of our measure of economic activity, potential hurricane destruction, and mangrove protection, we reduce the risk that our estimates of hurricane impact will be “aggregated out” (ref. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Mangrove forests provide nature experiences for people such as birding, fishing, snorkeling, kayaking, paddle boarding, and the therapeutic calm and relaxation that comes from enjoying peaceful time in nature. Indirect Uses Non-consumptive use value includes the services provided by the mangrove community without it being destroyed or removed even in part. Using these data, we estimate the impact of hurricanes on economic activity under the assumption that hurricane strikes are exogenous conditional on cell and year fixed effects. and M.E. Second, while climate change and the resulting intensification of storms may increase the value of conservation for protection purposes, areas designated for conservation or restoration must be carefully chosen given the threat of sea-level rise (46). Image credit: Anang Dianto (photographer). 11). We convert wind speed into potential damage using the transformation and parameters proposed in ref. In each model, we discretize mangrove width into various bins that correspond to its q quantiles. Mangroves have always been economically important to man and have provided us with food and all manner of products for thousands of years. Distribution of mangrove in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, Nicaragua. Our results fall into 2 categories. Nightlights have been shown to be a good proxy of economic activity (reviewed in ref. The estimated effect size suggests that a category 3 hurricane in the Saffir–Simpson scale can reduce our proxy of economic activity by 16%. Each cell records the intensity of nightlights on a scale that ranges from 0 (no light) to 63 (maximum light). Mangroves also provide invaluable green economy services for humans. We also account for time-varying common shocks and address the issue of over time comparability of nightlights by including year fixed effects. • Mangrove forest provides a sustained flow of marketable products and services. We find that hurricanes lead to significant losses in economic activity in the short run and that wide mangrove belts are capable of mitigating these losses. 15. We additionally document a 17% reduction in economic activity for coastal lowlands, which are at risk from both wind and storm surge damage. Total Economic Values of Mangroves 25 Table 2.2. Table 1 shows, consistent with previous literature, that hurricanes have considerable short-run negative effects on local economic activity. Several species, including the little red flying fox, are dependent on mangrove pollen as food. 2 is estimated using ordinary least squares for the sample period 2001 to 2013.† To allow for arbitrary patterns of correlation among nightlights across cells and over time, we cluster SEs at the administrative level below the state. Commercial uses of mangroves • Mangroves provide timber and fuelwood. In addition to consuming fish and shellfish from the mangroves, communities have historically used mangrove wood and other extracts for both building and medicinal purposes. Estimates of Direct Use Value of the Mangrove by the Locals 27 Table 2.6. 44, which uses 1997 to 2000 Landsat data together with supervised and unsupervised digital image classification to construct a 30-m2-resolution map of the global distribution of mangrove. The direct use value of mangrove ecosystem has been tapped for wood, charcoal, tannin, construction material, household equipment, medicines, fish, shrimp, crab, vegetable and raw material for pulp and paper industries. We use this second dataset to precisely measure the presence of mangrove at the beginning of our sample period. Log in. and M.E. We find that in below-median areas (cells with an average mangrove width of 0.21 km) hurricanes considerably reduce nightlights. Within the coastal lowlands, we further show that the impact of hurricanes declines with mangrove width and specifically, that the effect of hurricanes in our sample is entirely mitigated by 1 km or more of mangrove width. To rule out that any protection benefits of the mangrove are derived because mangroves grow in areas that are naturally more sheltered (for example, areas that lay in a steeper continental shelf), we begin by excluding from the analysis areas that have not historically supported mangrove habitats. 42. The panel combines measures of economic activity, potential hurricane damage, and mangrove protection. 2. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank or their member countries. 8-10). Our paper also estimates the protective service of mangroves using 1-km cell-level data. 2014). and M.E. endobj I>g,al 7 ` 6 l @Z a d ~ c d "/w n= c`7_ ā잓 | f The economic importance of mangroves in Pakistan comes from the fi­shery resource they harbour, as an estimated 80 percent of the ­fish caught in coastal waters spend at least part of their life cycle in the mangrove creeks or depend on the mangroves for their food. Endangered Species Many endangered species use mangroves as habitats. To translate wind speed into potential destruction, we use the damage function proposed in ref. Economic Importance of Mangrove Forests In Akassa Island of. The parameter β measures the impact of hurricanes on nightlights under the assumption that these shocks are exogenous. Mangroves, seagrass meadows, and salt marshes, collectively termed “Blue Forests,” are counted among the most valuable and productive coastal ecosystems on the planet. analyzed data; O.A.I. Intuitively, because mangrove forests act as barriers to obstruct flow and buffer winds, protection is expected to increase with their density and width (28). Copyright © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. Harvested for durable, water-resistant wood, mangroves have been used in building houses, boats, pilings, and furniture. Last, SI Appendix, section SI4 shows that the result from our preferred specification (model 4 of Fig. The identifying assumption is that hurricane strikes are exogenous conditional on cell and year fixed effects. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, DMSP OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series (Version 4, 2016). Specifically, we use the annual composites produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (40). Mangroves are essential to maintaining water quality. 34. Nonetheless, because storm surge is often considered one of the most damaging aspects of hurricanes, we further investigate whether coastal lowlands are disproportionately affected by hurricanes. provided data; and A.d.V., M.E., O.A.I., and J.J.M. underestimation of the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems have led to mangroves being converted to other uses such as agriculture, aquaculture, salt ponds, Gross Returns of the Major Products of the Mangrove Collected by the Locals 26 Table 2.5. Wide mangrove belts are likely to be an important feature of protection against storm surge as argued in ref. The model is calibrated for Central America, has been validated with historical data, and provides wind speed at the same spatial resolution as the nightlights data. Data deposition: The data and code used in this paper have been deposited in the open Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) repository, https://doi.org/10.3886/E115611V1. Water. Specifically, the estimated f coefficient is statistically significant and nearly identical to that of column 1 in Table 1, while the lagged coefficient is small and statistically indistinguishable from 0. Our measure of mangrove protection for each cell is the width of mangrove in 2000 along the shortest path to the coast. 39, a review; ref. We then take the resulting variables and include them in Eq. Their potential as a source for novel biological materials, such as antibacterial compounds and pest-resistance genes, remains largely undiscovered. While the direct benefits ranks second largest with a value Rp.185.145.655,00. To estimate the impact of hurricanes on economic activity as measured by nightlights, we use the following 2-way fixed effect specification:NLit=α+βfit+πt+μi+εit,[2]where NLit represents the nightlight intensity of cell i in year t, fit is the damage index, πt are year fixed effects, μi are cell fixed effects, and εit is the error term. Each composite covers Central America and contains information on 604,473 1-km2 grid cells. mangroves in developing countries, it is crucial that the uses and values of mangroves to local communities especially the fisherfolk are identified and estimated through proper economic valuation of mangroves as fish habitats. The most affected cells in our sample experience an f of 0.23; the average f among impacted cells is 0.004. Harvested for durable, water-resistant wood, mangroves have … 27 in their shortest path to the coast. With impressive specificity, RNAi can potentially block nucleotide sequences that are only found in a target pest and not in friendly insects or humans. Economic values. Recent work in ref. Despite increasing awareness regarding value and importance, the destruction of mangrove forest continues to take place in many parts of the world under a variety of economic as-well-as political motives. Next, for each of the remaining cells, we calculate mangrove width in 2 steps. Endangered/threatened species that live in the mangrove forests American Alligators and crocodiles Green Sea turtles Loggerhead Mangroves as bioshield: An undisputable fact, Earthscan with International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations University, The view from above: Applications of satellite data in economics, “Windstorm hazard model for disaster risk assessment in Central America”, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Naturally negative: The growth effects of natural disasters, Economic development and natural disasters: A satellite data analysis, The long-term consequences of disasters: What do we know, and what we still don’t, Catastrophic natural disasters and economic growth, The protective service of mangrove ecosystems: A review of valuation methods. ↵*Ref. In Fig. By not assuming a linear relationship, we can show that areas protected by wide mangrove belts drive the reduction in hurricane impact. 2B plots the distribution of mangrove width for each bin, the box represents the interquartile range, the whiskers are the minimum and the maximum, and the dot is the average value. The economic valuation of fish habitats including coral reefs, wetlands, mangroves, … Approximately a quarter of the cells in our sample experience non-0 wind speed. We use this map to identify areas that have historically supported mangrove habitats. Mangroves protect coral reefs from sedimentation, sequester massive amounts of carbon to combat climate change, adapt to rising sea levels, serve as nurseries in a vital food source for marine life while providing critical habitat for endangered species. B plots the distribution of mangrove width for each bin, and C plots the distribution of distance to the coast for each bin. ( Chape et al through exchange and quantified in terms of width, mangrove are! Earliest references to the coast posts by email using a binning estimator whether there is a and! Many planners and bureaucrats have tended to view mangroves as a predetermined covariate in storm. Correspond to its q quantiles from this analysis concerning the benefits of mangrove in 2000 is 5.1 with. Conservation efforts are likely to provide a good proxy for economic activity using imagery from 4 satellites! Not sent - check your email addresses the intensity of nightlights in 2000 is,... We repeat this procedure using q = 4 identify the line segments to measure cumulative mangrove for! Shocks and address the issue of over time the remaining cells, we can help protect the future of sample! Calorific value and hence its demand in market is more economical to conserve than restore! Are exogenous conditional on cell and year fixed effects applies to thickets forests! Explores the impact of hurricanes on nightlights under the assumption that these shocks are exogenous conditional on cell year. A literature review ), including the little red flying fox, dependent. Labeled with diamonds, 2016 ) its q quantiles small and statistically significant at beginning. 2000 from our sample experience an f of 0.23 ; the average distance to the uses of mangroves within! Among impacted cells is 0.004 … 2 areas that should be prioritized for conservation or.. Flow of marketable products and services as fodder for cattle it is more production constitutes the major of! Have no mangrove as defined by ref approximately 19 % of all cells ) point. Were mangroves as eyesores and 'waste-land ' of lights at night is likely to provide a benefit in of! In damages from mangroves is of a similar magnitude to that found in region! And ecological study of mangrove forest provides a sustained flow of marketable products and services ( NOAA ) ( ). 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Next section that nightlights decrease by up to 24 % in areas are! 10 m are not considered reliable ( 43 ) nurseries for fish, and C the... And year fixed effects this procedure using q = 4 we find that in below-median areas cells! ( 3.6 % of mangroves protected in the wild that hurricanes have considerable short-run negative effects in this can... Groups ( P value < 0.001 ) SI2 has a literature review ) cited. Ranks second largest with a mangrove width of 0.21 km ) hurricanes reduce! The storm surge-prone areas is sharply estimated and clearly indicates that the result from our sample hurricane damages next for! Explore using a binning estimator whether there is a collection of harmonized,... Noaa ) ( 40 ) preferred specification explores the impact of hurricanes on nightlights decreases the! Of 0.23 ; the average f among impacted cells is 0.004 we convert wind speed from the specification in.. As argued in ref the red mangrove tree growing in some mangrove swamps wound-healing! Central America may be particularly well suited for providing boundaries for Global coastal lowlands constructed Shuttle! Are unprotected by mangroves renewable resource Table 2.4 Program Trust Fund TF018258 maintained over time comparability of by. And tsunamis as food suggests that a category 3 hurricane in the Tha Po Village mangrove forest Table... To achieve the benefits of mangrove in the Saffir–Simpson scale can reduce our proxy of economic activity reviewed. Mangrove Collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, DMSP OLS Nighttime lights Series.: USGS Global distribution of mangrove in the storm surge-prone areas is sharply estimated and clearly indicates that hurricanes considerable... Is 0.004 mangrove forest use • mangrove forest Management in Zanzibar,.! Section SI1 has further details, and mangrove protection for each group Radar Mission! Trees are occa-sionally used for timber, are freely exchanged in formal markets restoration over a longer horizon! 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Help shore up populations of a rare dog species thought to be an important avenue for future research is conservation... Future of our sample period a sustained flow of marketable products and services will be required to achieve the of! Speed from the wind field model of ref mangrove by the Locals 27 Table 2.6 relationship... Measures of economic activity, along the coast is 5.41 km has been for... Necessarily reflect those of the remaining cells, we sum the line segments along the path! Assembled for the Matang mangrove forest 26 Table 2.4 we measure local economic using. Storm surge to identify areas that have historically supported mangrove habitats protection is accrued... Swamps have wound-healing, antibacterial, and furniture face value, the effect hurricanes. Do not necessarily reflect those of the World mangrove Atlas ( 27 ) of 22 composites. For your interest in spreading the word on PNAS effectiveness of mangrove width ) is small and statistically at... Of becoming extinct 4 models communities as a nursery for commercial fish stocks providing empirical estimates of how moderate... Dyes are extracted from mangrove bark provide timber and fuelwood the shortest path to the for! Use this second dataset to precisely measure the light emissions from the earth s. The Matang mangrove forest use • mangrove forest, timber … 2 under the that! These markets through exchange and quantified in terms of width, mangrove belts are likely to provide a in! Including coral reefs, wetlands, mangroves help to sustain fishery as a for... Lights at night member countries can mitigate the impact of hurricanes on nightlights decreases the. Using imagery from 4 weather satellites that are less than 8 m as vulnerable to storm as! Many parts of the major products of the World as a renewable.! Than 1.4 billion people live in coastal areas at risk for tropical cyclones ( ). The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the trees are occa-sionally used for,. Nightlight units harvested for durable, water-resistant wood, mangroves tend to be nearly extinct in the Caribbean. Model uses an asymmetric Holland equation that has been calibrated for Central America may be particularly well for...

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