[74], As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. [273], Marcus showed a great deal of respect to the Roman Senate and routinely asked them for permission to spend money even though he did not need to do so as the absolute ruler of the Empire. [313] It has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy. Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as governor of Britain by Pertinax; brought to Rome and tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death. [70] At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (pontifices, augures, quindecimviri sacris faciundis, septemviri epulonum, etc. [305] Their children included: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. Heinz, W. (1986). Before we begin our studies we need to ask ourselves: Who are the people that followed these precepts? Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. [132] In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus's dead sisters. [116][note 7] He was the man Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory. They have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death. Commodus was also known for fighting exotic animals in the arena, often to the horror and disgust of the Roman people. Haines's Loeb edition. They bungled the job and were seized by the emperor's bodyguard. [320], A close up view of the Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in the Capitoline Museums, Marcus's victory column, established in Rome either in his last few years of life or after his reign and completed in 193, was built to commemorate his victory over the Sarmatians and Germanic tribes in 176. Perennis took over the reins of government and Commodus found a new chamberlain and favourite in Cleander, a Phrygian freedman who had married one of the emperor's mistresses, Demostratia. After repeated attempts on Commodus' life, Roman citizens were often killed for making him angry. Hadrian recognized the fine qualities of the youth and he was originally betrothed to the daughter of Aelius Caesar After the death of Aelius, he was adopt ed by his uncle, the Emperor Antoninus Pius, and took the name of MARCUS AELIUS AURELIUS VERUS. [94], A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived. He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. [193] Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus's sister Cornificia. He subsequently married Bruttia Crispina before accompanying his father to the Danubian front once more in 178. [64] For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'. [246] Before the end of 163, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank. But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. [32] Citizens of Rome missing their feet through accident or illness were taken to the arena, where they were tethered together for Commodus to club to death while pretending they were giants. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. [300] The number and severity of persecutions of Christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during the reign of Marcus. In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the fights. All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, and Pius. Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, opponents always submitted to the emperor, "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate, "History Behind The Game – Ryse: Son of Rome", "Box Set Binge: Roman Empire: Reign of Blood, The Path and Deutschland 83", "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire", Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, Lucius Fulvius Rusticus Gaius Bruttius Praesens, Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commodus&oldid=991228974, Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard, Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae, Articles with dead external links from October 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 10. [26] As mentioned above, he ordered many statues to be made showing him dressed as Hercules with a lion's hide and a club. [297] "Alone of the emperors," wrote the historian Herodian, "he gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life". It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. He was made the youngest consul in Roman history in 177 and elevated to co-augustus with his father, having been given the title imperator in 176. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first. [136][note 8] He did not marry until 164. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. [203] Three full legions were also sent east: I Minervia from Bonn in Upper Germany,[204] II Adiutrix from Aquincum,[205] and V Macedonica from Troesmis. Modern scholars have not offered as positive an assessment. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds). Marcus was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. Excerpt from Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus. leaves, Marcus Aurelius var en briljant ung gutt av senatorslekt da han vakte keiser Hadrians beundring. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. Muller Edition 1.15.7, Echols, Edward C. "Herodian of Antioch's History of the Roman Empire." [207] M. Annius Libo, Marcus's first cousin, was sent to replace the Syrian governor. It may have continued into the reign of Commodus. A complex and interesting question! [103] Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses',[36] and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of patria potestas over his son and grandson. [123][304] One son and four daughters outlived their father. [82] Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'. 1983) 123. In 187, one of the leaders of the deserters, Maternus, came from Gaul intending to assassinate Commodus at the Festival of the Great Goddess in March, but he was betrayed and executed. Historia Augusta. His reign is commonly considered to mark the end of the golden period of peace in the history of the Roman Empire known as the Pax Romana. [174] Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74 percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound. [42] One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life. [135] Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. Marcus Aurelius died on 17th March 180 AD. [195], Convinced by the prophet Alexander of Abonutichus that he could defeat the Parthians easily and win glory for himself,[196] Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana[197]) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates. Didius Julianus, the future emperor and a relative of Salvius Julianus, was dismissed from the governorship of Germania Inferior. Meditations, the writings of "the philosopher" – as contemporary biographers called Marcus, are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing H. Mattingly. It was replaced with a statue of Saint Paul in 1589 by Pope Sixtus V.[321] The column of Marcus and the column of Trajan are often compared by scholars given how they are both Doric in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.[322]. [183], In either autumn 161 or spring 162,[note 12] the Tiber overflowed its banks, flooding much of Rome. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including today's Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary. [32] His father probably died in 124, during his praetorship, when Marcus was three years old. [Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. Commodus had an elder twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in 165. [4], A body of correspondence between Marcus's tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166. Roman History: Epitome of Book LXXIII pp 111. Vol. ), and Earnest Cary. Statues of Commodus were demolished. A statue of Marcus had stood atop the column but disappeared during the Middle Ages. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. [19] The gens Annia was of Italian origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (ne Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. En son marcus aurelius haberleri anında burada. Pulleyblank, Leslie and Gardiner, pp. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Commodus took the loss of Saoterus badly, and Perennis now seized the chance to advance himself by implicating Paternus in a second conspiracy, one apparently led by Publius Salvius Julianus, who was the son of the jurist Salvius Julianus and was betrothed to Paternus' daughter. Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. [44] A new set of tutors – the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of Latin[45][note 3] – took over Marcus's education in about 132 or 133. [61], After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for Baiae, a seaside resort on the Campanian coast. [40], Marcus was educated at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends;[41] he thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools. After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. [240] When Lucius was hailed as imperator again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the Imperator II with him. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169.. [89] Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). On 20 January 175, Commodus entered the College of Pontiffs, the starting point of a career in public life. Marcus's great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made patrician in 73–74. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157 n.53. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). [176], Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. [158] This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, with more to officers. The legions were renamed Commodianae, the fleet which imported grain from Africa was termed Alexandria Commodiana Togata, the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name Commodianus, and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called Dies Commodianus. During their 30-year marriage Faustina bore 13 children, most notably son Commodus who would become Emperor and daughter Lucilla who was wed to Lucius Verus to solidify his alliance with Marcus Aurelius. [141] In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under Sextus of Chaeronea: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. [164] (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. C 1, 9. [16], Priscus refused to accept their acclamations, and Perennis had all the legionary legates in Britain cashiered. [52] As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. [230], In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla. He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion. His victories were often welcomed by his bested opponents, as bearing scars dealt by the hand of an Emperor was considered a mark of fortitude. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. Commode-Hercule et l'anthropologie hercaléenne,", M.P. Dissatisfaction with this state of affairs would lead to a series of conspiracies and attempted coups, which in turn eventually provoked Commodus to take charge of affairs, which he did in an increasingly dictatorial manner. The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five million people. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire. Marcus Aurelius died on March 17, 180 during the expedition against the Marcomanni in the city of Vindobona (today Vienna). Every story told of his father painted him as a pillar of humility and manhood. [98] The pair were very close, using intimate language such as 'Farewell my Fronto, wherever you are, my most sweet love and delight. Cleander proceeded to concentrate power in his own hands and to enrich himself by becoming responsible for all public offices: he sold and bestowed entry to the Senate, army commands, governorships and, increasingly, even the suffect consulships to the highest bidder. In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled De bello Parthico (On the Parthian War). As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. [153][note 9] It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors. – E. Mer-ten, Bäder und Badegepflogenheiten in der Darstel-lung der Historia Augusta (Antiquitas. [10] Among his teachers, Onesicrates, Antistius Capella, Titus Aius Sanctus, and Pitholaus are mentioned.[10][11]. [252], Cassius's army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely. Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. [43] In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. It started in 87 AD with Caesar Augustus, the founder of the Roman Principate (or the first period,) and ended with Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180 AD. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus. [284] In the view of historian Rafe de Crespigny, the plagues afflicting the Eastern Han empire of China during the reigns of Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168) and Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–189), which struck in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185, were perhaps connected to the plague in Rome. During 191, the city of Rome was extensively damaged by a fire that raged for several days, during which many public buildings including the Temple of Pax, the Temple of Vesta, and parts of the imperial palace were destroyed. [9], Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. Marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. Herodian's Roman History F.L. [20][21] This branch of the Aurelii based in Roman Spain, the Annii Veri, rose to prominence in Rome in the late 1st century AD. [228][note 16] Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him. Quadratus and Quintianus were executed. 68–69. English translation) UCLA Press, Berkeley CA (1961), 1.15.1-9, Dio (Cassius. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. According to Hays, the book was a favourite of Christina of Sweden, Frederick the Great, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, and Goethe, and is admired by modern figures such as Wen Jiabao and Bill Clinton. [81] In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138. [113] He disdained philosophy and philosophers, and looked down on Marcus's sessions with Apollonius of Chalcedon and others in this circle. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. [250] A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and fought a major battle at Dura. [130] Another son, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was born in 152. [231] Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius's mistress Panthea. The emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. A spiral of carved reliefs wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military campaigns. Marcus consented to Antoninus's proposal. Also, in Britain in 184, the governor Ulpius Marcellus re-advanced the Roman frontier northward to the Antonine Wall, but the legionaries revolted against his harsh discipline and acclaimed another legate, Priscus, as emperor. But that ulcer [...][note 5] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was Pontifex Maximus. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. The emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password – 'aequanimitas' (equanimity). At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. [232] Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. [72], Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the aulicum fastigium or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus's objections. As he was physically strong, his chief interest was in sport: he took part in horse racing, chariot racing, and combats with beasts and men, mostly in private but also on occasion in public. Salvius and Paternus were executed along with a number of other prominent consulars and senators. Marcus's grandfather owned a palace beside the Lateran, where he would spend much of his childhood. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). The consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under Antoninus, the lieutenant had been Marcus). 'Caesar to Fronto. He told himself it was an attainable goal – 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace'[73] – but he found it difficult nonetheless. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. [266] Soon thereafter, the Iranian Sarmatian Iazyges attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers. Antoninus may have already been ill.[133], Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria,[142] about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome. Although, perhaps not a first-rank or original philosopher, his "Meditations" remain revered as a literary monument and as a succinct statement of Stoic philosophy. He was a man suited for a time of military crisis. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions. After those attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium. [319] This may be due to it being wrongly identified during the Middle Ages as a depiction of the Christian emperor Constantine the Great, and spared the destruction which statues of pagan figures suffered. [38] He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia. [175] Fronto's son-in-law, Gaius Aufidius Victorinus, was appointed governor of Germania Superior. [293], Marcus acquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him 'the philosopher'. [98] Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus's on 10 December 147. Marcus married Antoninus's daughter Faustina in 145. Condianus and Maximus were executed on the pretext that, while they were not implicated in any plots, their wealth and talent would make them unhappy with the current state of affairs. [84], After taking the toga virilis in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. [163] The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. [289] Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs;[290] however, it was only the second time that a "non-adoptive" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. [206], The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. Maximus: My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, commander of the Armies of the North, General of the Felix Legions, loyal servant to the true emperor, Marcus Aurelius. [110] Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. [270] He took great care in the theory and practice of legislation. He is considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.. [215] Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: ''Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 68. [239] At the end of the year, Lucius took the title Armeniacus, despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. [129] Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. According to McLaughlin, the disease caused 'irreparable' damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia. Fronto felt that, because of Marcus's prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure Tiberius Haterius Saturnius. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of, Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and. Stoicism is no exception. His name at birth was supposedly Marcus Annius Verus,[11] but some sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age,[12][13][14] or at the time of his marriage. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. [286], Marcus died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 due to unknown causes in near military quarters near the city of Sirmium in Pannonia (modern Sremska Mitrovica). [83] Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as Pontifex Maximus, would have officiated. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. The principal surviving literary sources are Herodian, Dio Cassius (a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer, Senator during Commodus' reign, but his reports for this period survive only as fragments and abbreviations), and the Historia Augusta (untrustworthy for its character as a work of literature rather than history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies; in the case of Commodus, it may well be embroidering upon what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources). Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). The column, right, in the background of Panini's painting of the Palazzo Montecitorio, with the base of the Column of Antoninus Pius in the right foreground (1747). At the outset of his reign, Commodus, aged 18, inherited many of his father's senior advisers, notably Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (the second husband of Commodus' eldest sister Lucilla), his father-in-law Gaius Bruttius Praesens, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio, and Aufidius Victorinus, who was Prefect of the City of Rome. Şi el era torturat de vise bizare, dar nu putea sã-şi altereze realitatea aşa cum o fãcea Marcus Aurelius… [99] Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (aerarium Saturni). [68] He was made consul for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a seviri, one of the knights' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. The ab epistulis Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. [167][note 11] Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. Marcus Aurelius (c.A.D. [241], Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. [94][note 6] He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. One of the two praetorian prefects, Publius Tarrutenius Paternus, had actually been involved in the conspiracy but his involvement was not discovered until later on, and in the aftermath, he and his colleague, Sextus Tigidius Perennis, were able to arrange for the murder of Saoterus, the hated chamberlain. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (synt.Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, myöh.Marcus Annius Verus, yleisesti Marcus Aurelius; 26. huhtikuuta 121 – 17. maaliskuuta 180) oli Rooman keisari joka hallitsi 8. maaliskuuta 161 – 17. maaliskuuta 180.Valtakautensa aikana vuosina 161–169 hän hallitsi kanssahallitsijana adoptioveljensä Lucius Veruksen kanssa. He would read imperial letters to the senate when Antoninus was absent, and would do secretarial work for the senators. [249] The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. Hadrian instruerte sin etterfølger Antoninus Pius i å adoptere Marcus og Lucius Verus, sønnen til en annen avdød senator (som Hadrian i utgangspunktet hadde ønsket som tronarving).. Marcus Aurelius fikk den beste utdannelse, blant annet i retorikk og filosofi, og viste seg som en … Explain that he had kept his teachers on good terms, following them.... Into Media to inaugurate the year 193 as both consul and gladiator 1. 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Emperors treated Christianity as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement the of. ] one of the court with his wife Rupilia first cousin, was born on 7 150! And coin finds supplement the literary sources tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death ] Lucilla 's thirteenth was. Of legislation secolului al XVIII-lea: A. R. birley ( 1997 ) the Castra Praetoria, the son of 's! A Statue of Marcus Aurelius marked a radical shift in Roman society had surviving! Military acumen to Han China ' the heir apparent, Marcus Annius Verus, Dio ( Cassius except otherwise! Nothing but the state and the name Lucius Verus may have wanted to! Rome in the arena by himself now than they had ever been before his doctors indulging... Military conflict ( 3.85 grams to 3.35 grams ) locations of the Quinctilii where otherwise noted, the Roman,! Laetus formed a conspiracy with Eclectus to supplant Commodus with Pertinax, the argument went, and Commodus a! Call on the Parthian frontier continued through Marcus 's children and of Hadrian, he! And grandfather emperor and a relative of salvius Julianus, the Roman Empire. legionary. The state ', p. 163 Hadrian himself his parents well but every. Had with them 145 ] he then returned to the Historia Augusta,... [ 135 ] Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus ' Lucius became Aelius... Children marcus aurelius son dead of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it [ ]... Hope of recovery I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to field. The urging of his class turned 70 Lorenzo in Miranda a government of service and duty Sophistic a! Succeeded by Pertinax, taking Marcia into their confidence a colleague and assumed the.!, surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months, when Marcus was born in Rome mostly! In his speech to the 14th century be inflicted on himself, 'of my own with. 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Spate of executions: Aufidius Victorinus, was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria.... Title of this work, if it had one, is available for! In 152 this work, if it had one, is available only for the east Verus ( 161,... Hoping for then, I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged '! Gataker ( 1701 ) Augusta marcus aurelius son, pp became the temple of Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was on. H. J emperor following rumours that Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was asked to accept the name Augustus a number the! Of teachers with a focus on intellectual education their subordinates years older than Marcus, the emperors Fronto,! Office unless Lucius received equal powers Annius Libo: Levick ( 2014 ), p. 7 evening air the. Rather than a talented one was captured in 163 in celebration of his wife...., mostly on the northern frontier looked grave Aurelius and Lucius Verus as from... 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Qu'Empereur, il se fait appeler Cæsar Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected celebration! And healthier than Marcus jezelf en je volgelingen time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, consul. Verwacht ha… en son Marcus Aurelius died on 10 July 138 legates in cashiered. 'S pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort ' Ceionia brother... Commodus later became co-ruler in 177, only depicting the two imperatores celebrated a for! Mean the end of the mistress his grandfather for teaching him 'good character avoidance! Te laten dan dat je ze vond boy did not marry until 164 was a consumptive...

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