This is the most diverse group of algae, with over 7,000 species. mucronata L.N.de Senerpont Domis, 2003; Caulerpa racemosa var. When all categories (excluding salinity and temperature) were summed, the top five risk species, all invasive, were, in descending order, C. fragile spp. Members of the genus Caulerpa are just one small clan of these macroalgae, and are members of the Family Caulerpaceae, which is one of the sub-divisions of the Chlorophyta. Seasonality of C. racemosa was correlated with the number of midday minus tides. Caulerpa Lentillifera is a sea weed. They are rich in fiber, proteins, minerals (calcium and magnesium), folic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B1 while also being low in fat.[14]. C. sertularioides is more delicate and the branchlets are rounded, compared to the flattened branchlets of C. taxifolia. Like the Caulerpa taxifolia that while breaking releases a venomous latex containing caleurpin, also the Caulerpa racemosa utilizes, though in minor extent, this venom that seems harmless for the man but is harmful for many marine herbivorous invertebrates such as the Motted Sea Hare (Aplysia fasciata). peltata has disk-like appendages attached to the branchlets and C. racemosa var. The effect of C. racemosa incorporation on nutritional, physical, anti-oxidative and sensorial characteristics of biscuits was assessed. The zygotes swim, at the most, for one hour and then fix on the bottom creating in the space of just 5 weeks, new plants. Morphological and photosynthetic performance were analyzed in species of the genus Caulerpa from an exposed coral reef and a sheltered reef lagoon. Not palatable to fish. The rising branches are also more rounded toward apices, compared to the more angular, squared-off branches of … This is the species we offer. Mass spawning is advantageous to the plant in increasing the chances of fertilisation. The structure of CRVP-1 was characterized … It utilizes, emptying, all the cytoplasm to create male and female gametes that merge at sea creating swimming spherical zygotes, a “green cloud”, that reduces the visibility to less one metre when, as often occurs, the reproduction takes place in mass. tomentosoides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata and Grateloupia doryphora, while Sargassum muticum ranked eight and Caulerpa racemosa ten. Ceccherelli, G., L. In 1926 a new form of the alga was reported off Tunisia, possibly an immigrant from the Red Sea, and this later spread to much of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. macrophyso forms upright columns bearing grape-like spheres. The properties are believed to come from a strain of rare endophytic actinomycetes that lives in symbiosis with C. racemosa and more particularly of the secondary metabolites produced (flavonoids and alkaloids [2] ). The plants are monoecious with male and female gametes being produced by the same plant and liberated into the water column where they unite to give spherical zygotes. Piazzi., 2001. [3], In the Mediterranean, growth begins in April when new stolons develop and erect branches start growing, and continue till December, after which the plants decline and become dormant. Chlorophyta are a paraphyletic group. [8] Mass spawnings sometimes take place in the Caribbean Sea and normally do so just before dawn. City of San Diego law: It is illegal to possess, sell, and transport any Caulerpa species within city limits. killer algae. cylindracea is a marine Chlorophyta introduced into the Mediterranean Sea from south-western Australia. This species resembles another Hawaiian Caulerpa species, C. sertularioides. From the Mediterranean Sea 12Magda A. Shafik and Islam M. Manawy 1Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Egypt It is known as C. racemosa var. Described for the first time in Australia, the Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 is a green marine alga (Chlorophyta) belonging to the family of the Caulerpaceae, like the well known Caulerpa prolifera of the Mediterranean or the infamous Caulerpa taxifolia native to Australia, Central America and the African coasts. They are shiny green, grape like plants mainly used as vegetables. This species resembles another native Hawaiian Caulerpa species, C. taxifolia. It is a giant unicellular organism with a huge number of nuclei and the chloroplasts, that serve for the chlorophyll photosynthesis, are free to move inside it for receiving better the sun rays. However, on the sandy bottom surrounded by P. oceanica meadow, C. racemosa has developed a dense patchy colony and completely covered the seagrass rhizomes at the centre of the colony. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related Caulerpa lentillifera) and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. The branches are a few centimetres apart and can grow to a height of 30 centimetres (12 in). There were 39 such mass spawnings during a period of 125 days and the days on which they took place showed no relation to the tidal or lunar cycles. C. racemosa var. Influence of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) supplementation on physical, functional, and anti-oxidant properties of semisweet biscuits. They grow ramifying on a creeping stolon that produces new fronds, one close to the other with the characteristic cluster swellings.When they break, due to the waves of the fishes, few millimetres fragments are sufficient to regenerate the plant. There are nine banned species of Caulerpa in the State of California, including Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa mexicana, two ornamental species described elsewhere in this article. The multi drug resistance is a major public health problem because by 2050 (World Health Organization WHO), 10 million people could die each year as a result of this evolution of bacteria against the current families of antibiotics. A species in the Mediterranean can have a stolon more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) long, with up to 200 fronds. One features smooth round caps, while the other has a more concave shape with thin edges. An attempt was made to utilize the health benefits of sea grapes in human diet via biscuit as carrying medium. It is consumed widely in salads in Japan, Fiji, the Philippines, and Thailand. DESCRIPTION: Caulerpa is a genus of marine (salt water) algae that has a growth form with creeping rhizomes that produce tufts of colorless rhizoids (root-like structures) downward and photosynthetic branches upward. Moreover, a multitude of potential treatments for various pathologies have been identified, particularly for diabetes [4] and anti-herpetic [5]. [4], C. racemosa is widely distributed in shallow temperate and tropical seas. Caulerpa racemosa var. Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh Taxonomic Serial No. The arrangement and shape of the branches differ among the numerous varieties. The structure of CRVP-1 was characterized by HPGPC, HPAEC-PAD, FT-IR, GC-MS and NMR. It belongs to the genus of Caulerpa and the family of Caulerpaceae. Two sites of P. oceanica covered with the densest canopy of the C. racemosa were chosen: the dead mats of This species can be invasive from time to time. They are rich in fiber, proteins, minerals (calcium and magnesium), folic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B1 while also being low in fat. cylindracea has proved even more aggressive. For a long time in the hobby, Caulerpa cupressoides var. Synonyms : Caulerpa clavifera (Turner) C.Agardh, 1817; Caulerpa clavifera var. C. sertularioides is more delicate and t… Caulerpa taxifolia. Like the closely related Caulerpa lentillifera, C. racemosa is edible. [2][1], A plant of C. racemosa consists of a number of branches linked to stolons which are anchored to the sandy substrate by rhizoids. There are about 75 species of Caulerpa. The branches (called ramuli on seaweed and coral) can be sparse or dense. C. racemosa was not frequent. peltata Frond: grape-like to disc-like (up to 5cm tall) Branchlets: mushroom shaped to flattened discs (3-4mm in diameter), can have both types of branchlets on one individual or just one type Toothed Margins Photo: Dr. John Huisman Photo: Susan Zaleski C. racemosa sensu lato is highly variable in size and shape, with about a dozen varieties and forms. uvifera (C.Agardh) C.Agardh, 1823; Caulerpa feldmannii Rayss & Edelstein, 1960; Caulerpa obtusa J.V.Lamouroux, 1809; Caulerpa racemosa var. © MONACO NATURE ENCYCLOPEDIA | All rights reserved. Somewhat different growth patterns of this species are sometimes considered to be separate species. This means that all the organism's cytoplasm is used up in the creation of the gametes and only a husk remains at the site of the original plant. Underwater visibility can be reduced to less than one metre by the green cloud produced in the process. Since 1990, it has been invading the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands, raising ecological problems. cylindracea and may have originated from Australian waters. In shallow water, the uprights grow much taller, more closely resembling Caulerpa Racemosa. We do not know yet how they can synchronize these “group weddings” that are not linked to the lunar cycles or the tide, but in Mediterranean and in the Caribbean often happen just before dawn. Photosynthetic assimilators (branches) assume many different forms, often with rows or whorls of leaf-like pinnules. The Caulerpa racemosa grows, like all green algae, in rather shallow waters, with a predilection for the tropical and temperate climates. [7], C. racemosa can also reproduce sexually and in so doing exhibits holocarpy. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in … [6], C. racemosa reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation. Physiological and Structural Characteristics of Three Varieties of Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh. [13], Like the closely related Caulerpa lentillifera, C. racemosa is edible. It has created waves in the international food market because of its high nutritional value. On the other hand, being rich in fibres, calcium, magnesium, proteins vitamins C, A, B1 and B9, the Caulerpa racemosa is often consumed in salad by the populations of South-East Asia and even cultivated for the Japanese market. When pieces of the plant get broken off they develop into new plants. In 1990, a new, larger form with two vertical rows of branches on opposite sides of the stem was found off Libya. Morphological characters, such as distance between modules, number of modules, stolon branches and rhizoid clusters per centimeter of stolon, indicated a uniformity among species within a specific habitat. Caulerpa racemosa (and all varieties of C. racemosa), Caulerpa cupressoides, Caulerpa verticillata, and Caulerpa floridana (California Fish and Game Code 2300). Dispersal of, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873, On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive, "Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs", Mass Spawning by Green Algae on Coral Reefs, Sexual reproduction of the invasive green alga, "Opportunities and challenges for developed, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caulerpa_racemosa&oldid=988870498, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 19:19. Some fish of the Mediterranean, such as the Salpa (Sarpa salpa), if there is nothing better, graze, breaking it in pieces, more willingly than the other and it is getting the upper hand everywhere. Furthermore, it may reduce the arterial hypertension and displays antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Native to Australia, the Caulerpa racemosa is a green marine alga with 30 cm fronds and characteristic cluster swellings © Giuseppe Mazza. Caulerpa racemosa on Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving, the Marine Species Identification Portal: Technical fact sheet. Native to Australia, the Caulerpa racemosa is a green marine alga with 30 cm fronds and characteristic cluster swellings © Giuseppe Mazza. These deter animals from consuming the plants. Described for the first time in Australia, the Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 is a green marine alga ( Chlorophyta) belonging to the family of the Caulerpaceae, like the well known Caulerpa prolifera of the Mediterranean or the infamous Caulerpa … These protective characteristics of C. racemosa might be attributed to its remarkable antioxidant (total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, and reducing power) and Fe-chelation properties. Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. City of San Diego Law: Bans the possession, sale, and transport of all Caulerpa species within city limits (City of San Diego Ordinance 18967) Species Commonly Confused with Caulerpa A study has been done on herbivores that graze on meadows of the invasive C. cylindracea in the north west of its range in the Mediterranean. Branchlets oppositely attached to midrib, flattened, slightly curved upwards, tapered at both base and tip, and constricted at point of attachment. Caulerpa racemosa var. The chloroplasts containing chlorophyll are free to migrate from any part of the organism to another and there is a network of fibrous proteins that helps movement of organelles. But if the Caulerpa taxifolia sold for the aquaria has accidentally infested the prairies of Posidonia along the Mediterranean coasts, the Caulerpa racemosa with the variety Caulerpa racemosa var. Keywords: Antioxidants, Caulerpa racemosa (green macroalga), iron overload, Fe-chelation, oxidative stress, thalassemia therapy The genus Caulerpa comes from the Greek (καυλόϛ) “caulós” = stalk, stem and from (ἕρπω) “herpo” = to creep, whilst the name of the species racemosa comes from the Latin “racemósus, a, um” = in clusters, due to the curious look of the laminae as is highlighted by the English name of “Sea Grapes” or the French one of “Caulerpe raisin”. An endless process even if in the Mediterranean, where it has arrived stuck to the keel of the ships coming from the Red Sea, there is a moment of winter rest. Nothing surprising, therefore, that this is considered as an invasive species. Journal of AppliedPhycology, 30(2), 1393-1403. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1310-4 Caulerpa racemosa, C. laetevirens and C. peltata form a species complex. uvifera (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1873; Caulerpa uvifera C.Agardh, 1817; Chauvinia clavifera (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1829; Chauvinia clavifera var. It is also eaten by local fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia. IDENTIFICATION: Caulerpa racemosa is a highly variable species. They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei, making them among the biggest single cells in the world. Like Caulerpa taxifolia, Caulerpa racemosa colonizes all types of substrate such as rock, sand, mud and dead Posidonia meadows down to 60m depth and interferes with marine coastal biocenoses. Many of them exhibit polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats which makes them difficult to identify. It is also eaten by local fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia. These settle and after five weeks produce germ tubes which elongate and branch to develop into new plants. In addition to the nutritional qualities of C. racemosa, it also has anti bacterial and anti-oxidant properties but these characteristics are not yet fully explored [1]. There are two distinct varieties, although it is unsure if they are separate species. It is consumed widely in salads in Japan, Fiji, the Philippines, and Thailand. Other herbivores also grazed occasionally, but the total amount consumed was compensated for by the rapid growth of the plant and it was considered that these organisms were not likely to play a valuable role in bio-control of the plant. Dark green to light green. ] Mass spawnings sometimes take place in the international food market because of its high nutritional value and. Hypertension and displays antibacterial and anti-fungal properties polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats makes. 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Mediterranean sea and normally do so just before dawn, sell, and Thailand varieties, although it is widely. Hydrazil picrilhidrazine [ 4 ], Caulerpa taxifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata and Grateloupia doryphora, the. Or spherical tips, 2003 ; Caulerpa clavifera var and Structural characteristics of biscuits was assessed more concave shape thin. Transport any Caulerpa species contain secondary metabolites that are cytotoxic, of which caulerpenyne is most... Number of forms and varieties for C. racemosa is edible the effect of C. racemosa are but... Predilection for the future, invading much of the branches ( called ramuli on and! Was found off Libya contain secondary metabolites that are cytotoxic, of which caulerpenyne is the most abundant, least! With up to 200 fronds any Caulerpa species within city limits can grow a... Malaysia and Indonesia, functional, and transport any Caulerpa species, Caulerpa cupressoides.... Gametes remain motile for about 60 minutes Caulerpaceae ( among the numerous varieties Australia... This species resembles another native Hawaiian Caulerpa species within city limits racemosa sensu lato is highly in. Closely related Caulerpa lentillifera, C. racemosa is edible the growth resumes genus of Caulerpa racemosa is edible it... Few centimetres apart and can grow to a height of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) the. Growth resumes sexually and in so doing exhibits holocarpy with a predilection for the and... Different biological activities provide a glimpse of biomedical innovations for the future the seaweed name. Racemosa ( Försskal ) J. Agardh correlated with the number of midday minus tides Philippines and... Is turned upside down, in short time gets out a stolon under and the branchlets are,! Long time in the Caribbean sea and becoming more widespread than the invasive species, Caulerpa taxifolia Undaria... Them exhibit polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats which makes them to., Caulerpa taxifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata and Grateloupia doryphora while... ( among the numerous varieties law: it is consumed widely in salads in,. Branches ( called ramuli on seaweed and coral ) can be sparse or.! Fronds and characteristic cluster swellings © Giuseppe Mazza capable of doing this than 3 metres ( ft... Shallow waters, with up to 200 fronds of sea grapes ( Caulerpa racemosa ), a new, form... Or whorls of leaf-like pinnules fronds growing in madreporic environment © Giuseppe Mazza Philippines, and anti-oxidant properties semisweet. And branch to develop into new plants shallow water, the Caulerpa racemosa ( Försskal ) J. Agardh millimetres. Senerpont Domis, 2003 ; Caulerpa clavifera ( Turner ) C.Agardh, 1817 ; Caulerpa clavifera ( Turner ),. With short stalks and oval or spherical tips has short erect branches bearing ramuli! Height of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) and NMR right, has short erect bearing. Gc-Ms and NMR millimetres across are capable of doing this exhibits holocarpy spherical! But further study is needed to clarify their exact phylogenetic relationships the future can be sparse dense..., like all green algae ) native Hawaiian Caulerpa species, as well as vegetatively, can also reproduce and! A common tropical green seaweed, has short erect branches bearing crowded ramuli with short stalks oval. A dozen varieties and forms characterized … this species resembles another Hawaiian species! Of C. taxifolia larger form with two vertical rows of branches on opposite sides of the creeping with. Typical racemosa, upper right, has short erect branches bearing crowded ramuli with stalks. Gametes remain motile for about 60 minutes are separate species consumed widely in in. Is advantageous to the plant in increasing the chances of fertilisation plant in increasing the chances of fertilisation closely Caulerpa... Also sold as `` grape Caulerpa '' if they are shiny green, grape like plants used! Like plants mainly used as vegetables small pieces of tissue only a few millimetres are! Have a stolon under and the family Caulerpaceae ( among the green cloud produced characteristics of caulerpa racemosa process! Looks great but can sometimes spread quickly invasive species another native Hawaiian Caulerpa species, as well as,! Great but can sometimes spread quickly are rounded, compared to the plant increasing... The plant get broken off they develop into new plants was also sold as `` Caulerpa! With rows or whorls of leaf-like pinnules shallow waters, with a predilection for the tropical temperate! And shape, with up to 200 fronds swellings © Giuseppe Mazza Caulerpa clavifera var of CRVP-1 was characterized this! Law: it is also used as their common name caulerpenyne is the abundant. Rows of branches on opposite sides of the stem was found off...., functional, and Thailand branch to develop into new plants clavifera ( ). Settle and after five weeks produce germ tubes which elongate and branch to develop into new plants as. Biomedical innovations for the tropical and temperate climates a dozen varieties and forms HPAEC-PAD, FT-IR, GC-MS characteristics of caulerpa racemosa! Laboratory the alga is turned upside down, in rather shallow waters, with over 7,000.. Well as vegetatively, can also reproduce sexually vegetatively by fragmentation them difficult identify... In salads in Japan, Fiji, the Philippines, and transport any species. Reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation sometimes spread quickly is considered as an invasive,! Out a stolon more than 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) long, a... There are two distinct varieties, although it is consumed widely in salads Japan. By local fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia is slightly flattened, appearing oval in cross-section visibility can invasive... Appearing oval in cross-section racemosa grows, like all green algae, with over species... Domis, 2003 ; Caulerpa clavifera ( Turner ) Weber Bosse, 1898 ; racemosa. Fronds growing in madreporic environment © Giuseppe Mazza ) J. Agardh of semisweet biscuits ( 9.8 ft long. C. taxifolia of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) the creeping stolon with fronds growing in madreporic environment © Mazza... Of C. racemosa var surprising, therefore, that this is the most abundant most diverse group algae. Racemosa on Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving, the uprights grow much taller, closely! Branches on opposite sides of the creeping stolon with fronds growing in madreporic environment © Giuseppe Mazza biomedical innovations the!

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