In the spring of 1949, a group of 5,000 asbestos miners went on strike for three months against a foreign corporation. This was, effectively, the beginning of a pan-Canadian system of public health insurance. Beneath the surface, experts on Quebec history and culture say there’s a lot to consider in this fight over balancing rights of religious minorities with the desire for legislated secularism. [citation needed] Political activist and singer Félix Leclerc wrote: "Our people are the waterboys of their own country.". [citation needed] Radio-Canada, the newspaper Le Devoir and political journal Cité Libre were intellectual forums for critics of the Duplessis government. Although Québec was a highly industrialized, urban and relatively outward-looking society in 1960, the Union Nationale party, in power since 1944, seemed increasingly anachronistic as it held tenaciously to a conservative ideology and relentlessly defended outdated traditional values. Quebec’s Nouvelles Religions: Alternative Spirituality after Vatican II and the ‘Quiet Revolution ’ will bring together scholars with research data and interest in thos e small, obscure, “deviant” religions Quebec, hitherto neglected by academics. Le 22 juin 1960, le libéral Jean Lesage devient premier ministre du Québec. [citation needed] The level of formal schooling among French-Canadians was quite low: only 13% finished grade 11, as opposed to 36% of English Canadians. Once a child has been permitted to attend an English primary or high school, the remaining children in that family are also granted access. [31][32] Dale Thomson, for his part, noted that Jean Lesage, far from seeking to dismantle the traditional order, negotiated a transition with (and sought to accommodate) Québéc's Catholic Church. [19] Today, Hydro-Québec remains a crucial element to the Québec economy, with annual revenues of $12.7 billion Canadian dollars, $1.1 billion going directly into the province's coffers.[20]. [23] Behiels asked, how important are economic factors such as outside control of Québec's finance and industry? ", LeMay. [45] Drapeau was also instrumental in the construction of the Montreal metro system,[46] which was inaugurated on October 14, 1966. The Quiet Revolution combined declericalization with the dramatic reforms of Vatican II. CDN$32.95, ISBN-13: 9780773550957. The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution challenges a version of history central to modern Quebec's understanding of itself: that the Quiet Revolution began in the 1960s as a secular vision of state and society which rapidly displaced an obsolete, clericalized Catholicism. The conservative approach of the Catholic Church was the major force in Quebec society until the reforms of the Quiet Revolution during the 1960s. In Quebec, Canada, the Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec.A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. In 1957, the federal government passed the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act. another Canadian province). They were supported by Monsignor Charbonneau (Bishop of Montreal), the Québécois nationalist newspaper Le Devoir, and a small group of intellectuals. More public institutions were created to follow through with the desire to increase the province's economic autonomy. Johan D. Tangelder May,1996. Lesage had an excellent team of cabinet ministers which included Rene Levesque. Up until this point, the Catholic Church was deeply rooted in the culture of Quebec, as well as the political sphere. [30] Though criticized as apologists for Duplessis, Robert Rumilly and Conrad Black did add complexity to the narrative of neo-nationalists by contesting the concept of a "Grande Noirceur," the idea that Duplessis's tenure in office was one of reactionary policies and politics. The Quebec independence movement focused on language and culture, and no longer saw Quebec as the stronghold of Catholicism. The Quiet Revolution is particularly significant for opening up Quebec to the world. Up until this point, the Catholic Church was deeply rooted in the culture of Quebec, as well as the political sphere. After Duplessis’ death in 1959, the Liberal Party of Quebec ran on a platform of change and won the 1960 election (CBC). Its notable achievements include nationalizing the electricity distribution network of the city of Montreal, granting universal suffrage, instituting mandatory schooling until the age of 14 and establishing various social programs in Québec. In the 2011 census, 39 per cent of Canadians identified themselves as Roman Catholic and 27 per cent as Protestant. The defenders of the state in Quebec… ", "La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? In Quebec, laïcité, a principle rooted in the French Revolution, is more broadly understood as protection of state from religion. The societal and economic innovations of the Quiet Revolution, which empowered Québec society, emboldened certain nationalists to push for political independence. Noted Québec historian Jacques Rouillard [fr] took this revisionist stance in arguing that the Quiet Revolution may have accelerated the natural evolution of Quebec’s francophone society rather than having turned it on its head. The Quiet Revolution put thousands of clerics out of jobs and hundreds of churches onto the real estate market, but it didn’t eliminate religion in the province. At the start of the Revolution was a wave of secularism in Quebec’s society, which had previously been anchored in Christian values. The Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) was a time of rapid change experienced in Québec during the 1960s. The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state (état-providence), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960), and sometimes Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after the Union Nationale's Daniel Johnson in 1966), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era. Instead, it gave people the freedom to practice informally, experimentally, and on their own terms. The bill also restricted the eligibility for elementary and high school students to attend school in English, allowing this only for children of parents who had studied in English in Québec. [24] Gauvrea raised the issues of religious factors, and of the changes going on inside the Catholic Church. "Why the Quiet Revolution was 'quiet': the Catholic church's reaction to the secularization of nationalism in Quebec after 1960. Church is now called 'Theâtre Paradoxe' ( … [38] The rise to power of arguably Canada's most influential Prime Minister was unique in Canadian politics. Children may also be eligible for English education if their parents or grandparents received a certain amount of English education outside of the province (ex. The English-French relations have not always been easy. [11] Although schools maintained their Catholic or Protestant character, in practice they became secular institutions. [4] Some quoted the Union Nationale slogan Le ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge (The sky (Heaven) is blue, Hell is red) as a reference to the colours of the Union Nationale (blue) and the Liberals (red), the latter accused often of being pro-communist. The notions of civilizational defence and cultural preservation that were at the heart of the corporatist politics of the Duplessis era have not vanished: they have retreated from the altars only to regroup around Québécois culture and … In 1966, the National Medicare program was created. Section 2", "The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act: Its Impact on Hospital Administration", "Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos", "Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution (1960–1966)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quiet_Revolution&oldid=993185000, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cuccioletta, Donald, and Martin Lubin. "The Quebec quiet revolution: a noisy evolution. Quiet Revolution, period of rapid social and political change experienced in Québec during the 1960s. [20] The Société générale de financement (General financing corporation) was created in 1962 to encourage Québécois to invest in their economic future and to increase the profitability of small companies. "Quebec's Entrepreneurial Revolution and the Reinvention of Montreal: Why and How It Happened. Despite the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, when the role of the Catholic Church was considerably diminished, Québec society retains the cultural residue of Catholicism. One of the most scathing attacks on the educational system was levelled by Brother Jean-Paul Desbiens, writing under the pseudonym of Frère Untel. The Quiet Revolution was a peaceful social movement that forever altered Quebec’s political and social landscape. The public companies SIDBEC (iron and steel), SOQUEM (mining), REXFOR (forestry) and SOQUIP (petroleum) were created to exploit the province's natural resources. Their victory was characterised by a political turn from Catholicism to secularism, which had been brewing socially before the election. [27], Several arguments support this view. The government further allowed unionization of the civil service. While visiting Montreal for Expo 67, General Charles de Gaulle proclaimed Vive le Québec libre! Until 1960, Catholicism was the de facto provincial religion, in charge of education and other social services. Thus was the beginning of the Quiet Revolution. A. Brian. Each is always arguing and accusing the other of wrong doings. Buoyed by significant manufacturing demand during World War I and World War II, the Québec economy was already expanding before the events of the Quiet Revolution. Secularism became a feature of the subsequent nationalist movement, and continues to be a part of contemporary Quebecois identity (Seljak). [10] For example, the opening of Hydro-Québec meant that skilled engineers needed to be hired.[12]. Many Abori… Supported by an emerging new middle class of well-educated Québécois, the Lesage government created a modern, secular Quebec state that took control of all social, health, and educational institutions, opening thousands of jobs for educated Francophones. The revolution redefined Quebec’s culture as it is accepted today and promoted the rise of the French middle class. But, like other places in North America, the people aren't ruled by religion as they used to be. The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state (état-providence), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election. Lesage had an excellent team of cabinet ministers which included Rene Levesque. Although the economic reforms slowed down with the recession in the 1980s, the impact of the revolution is still visible today. Even the sainted Lucien Bouchard has publicly spoken about the need for dramatic change — a rejection of the statist principles of the Quiet Revolution. It made unionizing much easier and gave public employees the right to strike. Maurice Duplessis, who was Premier from 1944-1959, and was repeatedly taken to court for discriminatory actions against Jehovah’s Witnesses, who were (and remain) a religious minority within Quebec (Seljak). It is generally accepted that the revolution ended before the October Crisis of 1970, but Québec society has continued to change dramatically since then, notably with the rise of the sovereignty movement, evidenced by the election of the sovereignist Parti Québécois (first in 1976 by René Lévesque),[6] the formation of a sovereignist political party representing Québec on the federal level, the Bloc Québécois (founded in 1991 by Lucien Bouchard),[6] as well as the 1980 and 1995 sovereignty referendums. [14] According to a study commissioned in 2007 by The Québec Ministry of Families, Seniors and Status of Women on possible ways to address problems related to a by then even lower TFR (1.6) "Starting in 1960, Québec experienced a drop in fertility that was so sharp and rapid, it was almost unparalleled in the developed countries." Whereas in 1971, only 5 per cent of Canadians were unaffiliated with any religion, by 2011 that number had risen to 24 per cent. [39] Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass the Official Languages Act (1969), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages. During the Quiet Revolution, English Canadians lost their control over the Quebec economy , the Roman Catholic Church became less important, and the Quebec government took over the hydro-electric companies. [21] The shift in mentality of the Quiet Revolution allowed Québec to gain further financial autonomy by accessing this area of the economy which, as is evidenced by Hydro-Québec, is extremely profitable. “Roncarelli v. Duplessis and damages for abuse of power: for what did it stand in 1959 and for what does it stand in 2009?”, Seljak, David Seljak. The English-French relations have not always been easy. The Quiet Revolution was a period spanning around 10-20 years between 1960 and 1980 in the province of Quebec, when there were major changes in the way politics, society, religion and culture were experienced. [22] From an economic perspective, Quebec’s manufacturing sector had seen important growth since the Industrial Revolution. For it was in this year that the newly elected Liberal Government of Premier Jean Lesage embarked upon an ambitious plan aimed at modernizing the Quebec economy and society. The Quiet Revolution was a period of social and political change. [36], Federal politics were further influenced by the election of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in 1968. Satanic rock band Messe Noire (Black Mass) performs at deconsecrated Catholic Church in Montreal. Hydro-Québec was also created in an attempt to nationalize Québec's electric companies. The Quiet Revolution The year, 1960, marks a key transition point in the history of Quebec and the Catholic Church in that Province. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy, the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro-Québec and the emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister René Lévesque. Prior to the 1960s, the government of Québec was controlled by the conservative Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party. Many left the convent while very few young women entered. Women’s status in Quebec had previously not b… [43] Within the first few years of his tenure, Drapeau oversaw a series of infrastructure projects, including the expansion of Dorval airport (now Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport), the opening of the Champlain bridge and the renaissance of Old Montreal. ", Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act, Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, "Media — Rocket Richard: The Legend, The Legacy", "Loud Start To The Quiet Revolution: March 17, 1955: The Riot Over Rocket Richard", "Education in Québec, before and after the Parent reform", "La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? In addition, until the Quiet Revolution, higher education was accessible to only a minority of French Canadians because of the generally low level of formal education and the expense involved. "Impact of the Quiet Revolution: the business environment of smaller cities and regions of Quebec 1960-2000.". Quebec’s Nouvelles Religions: Alternative Spirituality after Vatican II and the ‘Quiet Revolution ’ will bring together scholars with research data and interest in thos e small, obscure, “deviant” religions Quebec, hitherto neglected by academics. [9] Moreover, secondary schools had placed a lot more emphasis on the liberal arts and soft sciences than the hard sciences. [17], Seeking a mandate for its most daring reform, the nationalization of the province's electric companies under Hydro-Québec, the Liberal Party called for a new election in 1962. Canadian Wrongs: Reconciliation and Redress for Japanese-Canadians, Canadian Law and Canadian "Wrongs": The Chinese Head Tax, Canadian Wrongs: The Historical Context of the Chinese Head Tax, Canadian Wrongs: Redressing the Chinese Head Tax, Canadian Wrongs: Quebec's Attack on Jehovah's Witnesses, Canadian Wrongs: Jehovah's Witnesses before the Supreme Court of Canada, Canadian Wrongs: Jehovah's Witnesses and the Era of Rights, Canadian Wrongs: The Temporary Foreign Workers Program, Canadian Wrongs: Reforming the Temporary Foreign Workers Program, Canadian Women and the Law: A Selection of Cases, Indigenous Peoples and Treaties in Ontario, Indigenous Peoples and Canadian Law: Making Room for Wampum Belts, Indigenous Peoples and Canadian Law: Making Room for Oral Tradition, Canadian Law and Identity: Multiculturalism, Multiculturalism: Rooted in Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Multiculturalism: The Official Response to the Bi and Bi Commission, http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/jean-lesage-elected-premier-of-quebec, ← Canadian Law and Religion: Confederation, Canadian Law and Religion: The Charter Era →. [15], In the 2003 article "Where Have All the Children Gone? Joseph. The 1950s tenure of Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis epitomized the conservative ideal of a religiously and culturally pure Québec, and became known among liberals as the Grande Noirceur (Great Darkness), although the Richard Riot of 1955 may have signaled growing submerged forces. He notes the popularity enjoyed by federal Liberal Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier as well as the Premiership of Adélard Godbout as examples of Québec Liberalism prior to the events of the Quiet Revolution. The Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage and campaigning under the slogans Il faut que ça change ("Things have to change") and Maîtres chez nous ("Masters of our own house", a phrase coined by Le Devoir editor André Laurendeau), was voted into power within a year of Duplessis's death. Not all the Catholic Church supported Duplessis - some Catholic unions and members of the clergy criticized him, including Montreal Archbishop Joseph Charbonneau - but the bulk of the small-town and rural clergy supported him. Jean Drapeau became Montreal mayor on October 24, 1960. [47] Under Drapeau, Montreal was awarded the 1967 International and Universal Exposition (Expo 67), whose construction he oversaw. [49] Another of Drapeau's major projects was obtaining and holding the 1976 Summer Olympics.[50]. To assume, however, that religion is Quebec’s greatest foe—and that forbidding public servants to wear religious symbols is somehow a victory for provincial identity—is a misreading of history. The Parent Report on education in the province of Quebec (1963–66) was a key part of the Quiet Revolution that modernized and democratized education in Quebec. Fruits Of The Quiet Revolution. For example, Cuccioletta and Lubin raised the question of whether it was an unexpected revolution or an inevitable evolution of society. It took measures to increase Québécois control over the province's economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution and worked to establish the Canada/Québec Pension Plan. Section 1", "La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? Quebec and Religion The study of history has fallen on hard times. Jean Lesage elected premier of Quebec. During the same era of renewed Quebecois nationalism,[1] French Canadians made great inroads into both the structure and direction of the federal government and national policy. [22], The Parti Québécois twice led the Québécois people through unsuccessful referendums, the first in 1980 on the question of political sovereignty with economic association to Canada (also known as sovereignty association),[7] and the second in 1995 on full sovereignty.[8]. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017. Economically, Quebec is near the bottom of productivity and economic growth in North America. French-Canadians in Québec also adopted the new name 'Québécois', trying to create a separate identity from both the rest of Canada and France and establish themselves as a reformed province. [4], Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were developed mainly by foreign investors,[citation needed] such as the US-based Iron Ore Company of Canada. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy, the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro-Québec and the emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister René Lévesque. "Montreal's Economy Since 1930," in, Tanguay. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to take more direct control over the fields of healthcare and education, which had previously been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. Several historians have studied the Quiet Revolution, presenting somewhat different interpretations of the same basic facts. Also during this period the Ministry of Social Affairs was created, which in June 1985 became the Ministry of Health and Social Services, responsible for the administration of health and social services in the province. In Quebec, laïcité, a principle rooted in the French Revolution, is more broadly understood as protection of state from religion. [citation needed], Alphonse-Marie Parent presided over a commission established in 1961 to study the education system and bring forth recommendations, which eventually led to the adoption of several reforms, the most important of which was secularization of the education system. in a speech at Montreal City Hall, which gave the Québec independence movement further public credibility. ", Canadian Law and Religion: The Quiet Revolution, The Magna Carta: The Beginning of the Rule of Law, The Historic Roots of Canada's Three Legal Systems, The Canadian Constitution and Indigenous Legal Traditions, Hockey and the Construction of Identity in Canada, Strengthening Canadian Communities: United Through Hockey, Unifying Communities through Hockey: Municipal Sports Outreach Programs, Canadian Federalism and Barriers to Inter-Provincial Trade, Canadian Law and Religion: Historic Roots, Canadian Law and Religion: Lord Durham's Report, Canadian Law and Religion: The Charter Era, Canadian Law and Religion: Losing our Religion, Canadian Law and Religion: Faith-based Arbitration in Ontario, Canadian Law and Religion: The Québec Charter of Values, Canadian Law and Canadian "Wrongs": Persecuting Minorities, Canadian Wrongs: The Japanese Internment and Deportations, Canadian Wrongs: The Uses and Abuses of Law in the Japanese Case. 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