The moment we state that we do not really know anything is the starting point of real knowledge. Interestingly, despite the willingness of Plato to change his opinions throughout his works, the Theory of Recollection seems to be the one he particularly cares to develop, rather than disregard. and what it means. Hence, the soul is immortal. Plato invokes the Theory of Recollection to explain both ordinary and philosophical learning. Plato, a classical Greek philosopher who is a famous writer. One of the most famous passages in all of Plato's works—indeed, in all of philosophy—occurs in the middle of the Meno. The dialogue opens with Meno’s challenge to Socrates about how “virtue” (aretê) is achieved. Plato 's argument of recollection in Meno tries to solve the puzzle of how knowledge is acquired or learned. However, like with most of Plato’s concepts when fully investigated, it reveals far more than what is immediately obvious. Meno continues by saying that there is also no way to search for something that you already know, since you already have that knowledge. In the Meno, Socrates demonstrates the recollection theory of learning by questioning a slave boy about geometry. He uses the slave boy and the mathematical example and says the boy is simply recollecting. In a new reading of Meno's Paradox and the Slave‐Boy Interrogation, I explain why these two levels are linked in a single theory of learning. Returning to our foremost theory, Plato uses the Form of ‘equality’ to try and transmit his views on recollection. In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his teacher’s brilliant sophistry. Or if neither by practice nor by learning, whether it comes to mankind by nature or in some other way?" OUP. A discussion of Plato's dialogues the Meno and the Theaetetus, which address various epistemological topics, including Plato's theory of recollection, the nature of … Meno was a young man who was described in historical records as treacherous, eager for … Plato invokes the Theory of Recollection to explain both ordinary and philosophical learning. In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his mentor's brilliant sophistry. All Rights Reserved. But before we proceed with the Theory of Recollection, we must first examine Plato’s Theory of Forms. theory of anamnesi ars e du principalle y to (i eithe) r misinterpretatio or n neglect of what is said abou itt in the Meno, (ii) the custom of takin Phaedog 73 c ff. The correct answer, or the truth in this case, was attained through the mind’s inner resources. Ohio Wesleyan University. After proving his theory of recollection, he asks Meno many times if the boys opinions were his own and not influenced by Socrates, but Meno simply agrees with the opinions presented by Socrates instead of adding anything of his own. The example of the slave boy in Plato's meno helps to support Plato's argument that we do not just have knowledge, and that we know things only by recollection. In the MENO Plato demonstrates his Theory of Recollection between the chief characters Meno and Socrates. This is because Socrates only asks questions, and does not assist the boy in finding the solution. The theory of recollection investigates if we have already learned knowledge by previous experiences. Bearing in mind that the soul has to be re-born after it dies, Simmias and Cebes are forced to acknowledge that it must continue to exist after death. Bloch, David 2007. Of the world of the senses, Plato believes that knowledge of the strict sense is not possible, but merely opinions. Daniel Anderson is Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University. What is the essential difference between belief, knowledge or true understanding? As presented in the dialogue, the theory proposes that souls are immortal and know all things in a disembodied state; learning in the embodied is actually a process of recollecting that which the soul knew before it came into a body [4] . "Can you tell me, Socrates, whether virtue (ἀρετή) can be taught, or is acquired by practice, not teaching? Socrates reassures him with the momentous announcement that each person's soul has gone through many cycles of reincarnation, and during his travels outside the body it has learned the answer to all questions. Whereas Euthyphro makes an assertion about a subject that is not easy to … In the Meno, the Sophist Meno alleges that Socrates' search for knowledge is a fruitless one, because, if Socrates truly does not know that which he searches for, he will never be able to know it simply because if true knowledge is presented to him, he will not "know that it is the thing which he did not know". For Plato, mathematical understanding was a prime example of the kind of reliable cognition which takes us beyond the world of everyday appearances towards an area of more permanent and secure truths. In the Theory of Recollection, according to Plato, it is the remembrance of the ideas that each human being possesses in an innate way in the soul. What is more of a passing thought in the, That said and despite Plato’s inclinations to put words into Socrates’ mouth, the concept of recollection might actually be one we can assign to the older thinker. Daniel E. Anderson. 16 quotes from Meno: ‘We do not learn, and that what we call learning is only a process of recollection.’ He asked leading questions, and he made assertions between questions (e.g., about the diagonal). How can it be defined, what are its origins, and how is it attained? Since the truth of all things always existed in the soul, the soul is immortal. Plato holds that the mind can reach a genuine understanding of the truth. This innate knowledge, through the process of recollection, is attained through the transmigration of the soul. In the Theory of Recollection, according to Plato, it is the remembrance of the ideas that each human being possesses in an innate way in the soul. But as Socrates states in the theory of recollection, our souls already knew all knowledge. Meno?s Paradox and The Theory of Recollection Meno?s paradox is an argument in the form of a question. Meno has had some training with Gorgias. This argument for recollection is taken a step further in the, The second aspect of recollection is one that does involve the lapse of time and is more familiar to the theory of recollection in the. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Plato (c. 427– c. 347 B.C.) In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his mentor's brilliant sophistry. The Meno holds a distinguished place in the St. John’s curriculum. Carruthers, Laurence, Stich (eds.) In a new reading of Meno's Paradox and the Slave‐Boy Interrogation, I explain why these two levels are linked in a single theory of learning. The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David, 1787, You can read Plato’s Phaedo for yourself for free here: Socrates discusses the Theory of Recollection in the Meno and the Phaedo. Through their discussion, they discard various attempted solutions as false and the boy is able to “see for himself” that the square drawn on the diagonal does produce the right answer. He also conveys that even what appears to be perfectly equal, can, in fact, fall short of ‘equality’, for the simple reason that only the Form of ‘equality’ can be truly, purely equal. But seeing this theory my own true opinion, on the other hand, is that even though I belief in soul’s immortality, I do not believe in this theory of recollection, although the above examples and arguments of differentiating knowledge and opinion strengthen Plato’s theory of recollection, the theory itself is not substantiated enough to prove the soul’s immortality. What is Plato's Theory of Recollection? As the first Platonic dialogue that our freshmen read, it is the gateway to all the philosophic works to come, both ancient and modern. In Plato’s Meno (c.385 BC), Plato writes in the voice of Socrates, who performs in the role of a “midwife,” employing systematic questioning to draw out, from the minds of his pupils, Meno and the slave boy, the seeds of true and reliable knowledge. I wish to make the most of this opportunity to examine the presented data before considering the theory. Although memory and recollection are topics discussed by some of the chief This supposedly proves the Theory of Recollection which gives an explanation for Meno's Paradox. Additionally, if the soul is immortal then it must also be eternal, because if something can never come to an end, then it must never have had a beginning in the first place. He states that in viewing two sticks of equal length, we recognize that they posses ‘equality’. This theory was found in Plato's epistemology, in his dialogue Main (virtue) and Phaedo (soul) as a principle of knowledge. https://classicalwisdom.com/greek_books/phaedo-by-plato/. Assume that about what is necessary and proceed under that assumption to evaluate Plato's doctrine of recollection. Recollection in Plato's Phaedo and Meno As the earliest philosopher from whom we have written texts, Plato is often misrepresented as merely reproducing Socratic rhetoric. It carefully examines the famous difficulty for attempting to learn when no one who knows is present, christened Meno’s paradox to distinguish it from its two versions – the first introduced by Meno and the second by Socrates—and maintains that it is taken seriously by Plato. He has also taught at Tulane and at Washington and Jefferson College. The Theory of Recollection is laid out in more detail in Plato's Meno, and the discussion in the Phaedo alludes to, and seems to assume prior knowledge of, this earlier discussion. Socrates’ reply becomes known as the theory of recollection. Plato is a combination of both rationalist and mystic. Ebert, Theodor 2007. The primary objective of Plato’s Meno is an inquiry into the nature of virtue. So, when we see double yellow lines, we can recognize the equality that they posses by recollecting the Form ‘equality’ and concluding they are the same length, width and distance apart. Meno asks Socrates if he can prove the truth of his strange claim that "all learning is recollection" (a claim that Socrates connects to the idea of reincarnation). Anything to prove the argument's premises are false? The discussion of Plato’s theory of recollection evolved from a single question, “What is virtue?” When questioning Meno on the single definition of virtue, Plato was never satisfied. Tutor and Freelance Writer. Socrates responds by calling over an enslaved boy and, after establishing that he has had no mathematical training, … 3. Cite this article as: William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team), "Plato & the Meno: Recollection," in, https://schoolworkhelper.net/plato-the-meno-recollection/, “On the Sidewalk, Bleeding”: Analysis & Theme, Psychological testing: Construction, Administration, Validity, Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House”: Analysis & Summary, Augustus’ Role in Shaping the Roman Empire, Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Abigail Williams Analysis, Hiro Murai’s “Guava Island”: Film Analysis, Alice Dunbar Nelson: Poet, Essayist and Activist. A summary of Part X (Section3) in 's Plato (c. 427– c. 347 B.C.). Summary: Plato's theory which postulates that all knowledge that has ever been known and will ever be known is already preexistent in your memory; thus time is an illusion, merely the unfolding process of remembering everything.Such a recollection is known as anamnesia.This theory would explain both deja vu and synchronicity.It might also imply that we are headed for the Omega Point. Is it something that is taught, or acquired through traini… Structure and Contents. Drawing a square in the dirt, Socrates asks the boy how to double the area of the square. THE THEORY OF RECOLLECTION IN PLATO'S MENO. The Phaedo and the Meno are consistent, though, and the presentation of the theory in each dialogue can stand on its own. Meno then throws up his hands and asks, how on Earth such inquiry could ever be successful, giving that, according to Socrates, they don't know the least thing about virtue. In this dialogue, Socrates informs Meno that nothing can be either taught or learnt as we already possess all the knowledge in the world. This is because Socrates only asks questions, and does not assist the boy in finding the solution. This opening is a departure from the practice in the early dialogues. As many will no doubt recall, Plato believed that the Forms were ethereal entities of extremely general terms, ie. The idea is that humans possess innate knowledge (perhaps acquired before birth) and that learning consists of rediscovering that knowledge from within. Knowledge is not found in the external world, but is internally located, in the consciousness. At first it is Socrates that references the thought of Recollection by replying meno that the psyche is immortal, and that before it entered it s eartly body the psyche understood all things. He asked leading questions, and he made assertions between questions (e.g., about the diagonal). Science Teacher and Lover of Essays. He is devoted to the belief that reality is ultimately rational. As the first Platonic dialogue that our freshmen read, it is the gateway to all the philosophic works to come, both ancient and modern. ie. Analysis of the text Plato's principal references to the Theory of Recollection are in three dialogues: the Meno (80D-86D), the Phaedo (72E-77A), and the Phaedrus (249C ss).5 Although the focus of this paper will be on the Meno, I believe its conclusions to be equally valid for the other two dialogues as well. Plato 's Theory Of Recollection 1373 Words | 6 Pages. The theory of recollection does not fully account for the internal conditions—as Plato makes clear in the critique of Meno's puzzle to be found in the Euthydemus. Our apologies, you must be logged in to post a comment. And see esp. Amongst the discussion of common topic virtue in Meno one might come across this very simple but a tricky paradox: “How can one be … The general topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. The Innate Mind. Explain Plato's riddle regarding discovery in the Meno and explain how that leads to his doctrine of recollection. I have argued in a forthcoming article, ‘Sense-experience and recollection in Plato's Meno’, that at the time of writing the Meno Plato had already formulated his metaphysical theory of Forms, and that he was consciously aware of the importance of sense-experience in the slave-boy experiment. The example of the slave boy in Plato's meno helps to support Plato's argument that we do not just have knowledge, and that we know things only by recollection. 2005. The question of how this knowledge can be discovered is answered through Plato’s process of recollection. Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. However, he also makes clear that two sticks of unequal length can also cause us to recognize ‘equality’ by its absence. In philosophy, anamnesis is a concept in Plato's epistemological and psychological theory that he develops in his dialogues Meno and Phaedo and alludes to in his Phaedrus. That knowledge must be discovered under everything we must “chip off” the surface. Free proofreading and copy-editing included. The fact that we can identify ‘equality’ (or any Form) is due to the fact that we have experienced the true Form ‘equality’ during a time when our souls were apart from our bodies and at one with (or at least closer to) the Forms. I wish to make the most of this opportunity to examine the presented data before considering the theory. These questions are addressed in the subject of epistemology, the theory of knowledge. In Plato 's Meno Socrates , a philosopher who questions a slave into recollecting prior knowledge and not drawing any conclusions from information that is being ask of him for the first time. sameness, difference, justice, purity, vice, beauty, etc. Socrates offers to produce the proof on the spot. Meno, the Slave Boy and the Elenchos. © 2020 Classical Wisdom Limited. The enslaved boy demonstration: Meno asks Socrates if he can prove that "all learning is recollection." Keywords: Plato, Socrates, Meno, Meno’s paradox, theory of recollection, equivocation, knowledge, learning, method Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. "The Theory of Recollection in Plato's Meno": Against a Myth of Platonic Scholarship. Essentially, in order for the theory of recollection to work, our souls would have had to exist before our earthly incarnation, as well as go on existing after it. Recollection Argument for Immortality. The innate knowledge within individuals is attained through the transmigration of the soul, and in trying to understand this notion, one must ask: how many transmigrated souls do we have? This chapter turns to Plato’s Meno. In the book of Meno, Plato proves that the theory of recollection is reasonable by solving paradox of inquiry of Meno’s Paradox. Meno asks Socrates if he can prove the truth of his strange claim that "all learning is recollection" (a claim that Socrates connects to the idea of reincarnation). Plato addresses this concern with his belief that the person’s actions, atmosphere, diligence, and so on will determine how informed they become of their innate knowledge. Plato’s Rationalism Meno’s Paradox Theory of Recollection Up Next References Learning in the Meno Objection: Obviously, Socrates taught the slave. Knowledge, he says, is innate, and what we call learning is really the recollection of facts once known but forgotten. Meno asks if there is any way Socrates can show him that “learning” is recollecting. While the Formalists held the belief that mathematical formulas and truths were invented by man to explain the universe, Plato believed that mathematics was not invented by man to explain the nature of universal experience, but instead a kind of metaphysical divine reality to be discovered by man as his Forms. The Best Explanation: Meno 81c-86a. Bertrand Russell on the Theory of Recollection in Plato’s Phaedo and Meno Russell writes in his History of Western Philosophy , in the chapter on Socrates: ‘Socrates, in Plato’s works, always pretends that he is only eliciting knowledge already possessed by the man he is questioning; on this ground, he compares himself to a midwife. Unless we admit that we do not know anything, then we will never know anything. Further, given my interpretation of the Tripartite Theory, I note that there is a clear connection between Plato's work in understanding the Socratic claim that human beings are psychological beings and contemporary work in philosophical psychology according to which cognitive behavior can be rational even though no part of this behavior depends on an instance of reasoning. The Meno, Recollection, and the Role of Hypothesis Joseph A. Novak, University of Waterloo (CANADA) Presented to the SAGP at its April 2005 meeting with the Central Division of the APA, Chicago, IL. This theory affirms that … Socrates responds by calling over an enslaved boy, who he establishes has had no mathematical training, and setting him a geometry problem. Article last reviewed: 2019 | St. Rosemary Institution © 2010-2020 | Creative Commons 4.0. as specially representativ of Plato'e s doctrine (i,) and (ii) ar oftee n found together; (e) that the now popular view that i anamnesis abandonesd in the later dialogue is falses . By carefully questioning the slave boy, Socrates is able to get him to recognize that the way to construct a square double in area to a given square is to use the diagonal of the given square as a base. Plato’s Rationalism Meno’s Paradox Theory of Recollection Up Next References Learning in the Meno Objection: Obviously, Socrates taught the slave. The theory of anamnesis was, in fact, first introduced in one of Plato’s earlier works, the. The theory of recollection investigates if we have already learned knowledge by previous experiences. He never accepted Meno’s answers because Meno gave “virtuous” definitions, not “virtue’s” definition. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Plato believes that the soul must have always possessed knowledge, and this knowledge is awakened by posing questions for the individual. Thus, the Theory of Recollection effectively addresses the paradox of people’s epistemological pursuits appearing to make no logical sense, whatsoever. In conclusion, through the analysis of Plato’s theory of innate knowledge and recollection, coming to know what one does not know, we might say that there is a truism to innate knowledge. The theory of recollection purports to explain the possibility of successful learning when no one is available from whom to learn the knowledge sought, but it offers no recommendation or advice on the method to be employed in seeking this knowledge. The conclusion then is that because we can recognize/remember the Form of ‘equality’, our soul existed before our bodies, and consequently it will exist afterwards. Meno 98a: recollection = giving an account of the reasons why.) Socrates challenges Meno's argument, often called "Meno's Paradox" or the "Learner's Paradox," by introducing the theory of knowledge as recollection . Socrates reassures him with the momentous announcement that each person's soul has gone through many cycles of reincarnation, and during his travels outside the body it has learned the answer to all questions. The theory of anamnesis was, in fact, first introduced in one of Plato’s earlier works, the Meno. After proving his theory of recollection, he asks Meno many times if the boys opinions were his own and not influenced by Socrates, but Meno simply agrees with the opinions presented by Socrates instead of adding anything of his own. As expected, the boy got his answers wrong. Accordingly, Socrates, acting as usual as Plato’s mouthpiece, and Meno, a student of the … We discover these truths through our innate knowledge, that is, knowledge that is within us and that can be discovered. In Plato 's Meno Socrates, a philosopher who questions a slave into recollecting prior knowledge and not drawing any conclusions from information that is being ask of him for the first time. – Phronesis XXXV, 128-158. How the Doctrine of Recollection is supposed to solve the problem of recognizing instances You can recognize an instance of X when you don't know what X is, in the following sense: you already know implicitly (intuitively) what X is, at least well enough to recognize instances of it. Socrates, however, attempts to demonstrate how the theory of recollection circumvents this … The Meno holds a distinguished place in the St. John’s curriculum. Mathematics, according to Plato, embodies the ideal of knowledge, and reasoning is the way to discover truth. Socrates offers to produce the proof on the spot. Certainly, if one’s soul was transmigrated eight times, the individual would be extremely knowledgeable. In Plato’s Meno (c.385 BC), Plato writes in the voice of Socrates, who performs in the role of a “midwife,” employing systematic questioning to draw out, from the minds of his pupils, Meno and the slave boy, the seeds of true and reliable knowledge. By contrast, if one’s soul had only been transmigrated two they would not be as knowledgeable. Meno, however, wants evidence of Socrates' claim that learning is really a kind of recollection. The idea is that humans possess innate knowledge and that learning consists of rediscovering that knowledge from within. But how does Plato/Socrates prove that there is an immortal soul? Therefore, once assessed within the conceptual framework of the Theory of Recollection, Meno’s argument appears as such that does not hold much water, because according to this theory’s provisions, people do in fact remain thoroughly aware of the actual purpose of their cognitive pursuits – even though such their awareness happened to be largely unconscious. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? There are three main parts to this dialogue, which are three main stages in the argumentation that leads to the tentative conclusion about how virtue is acquired. Science, English, History, Civics, Art, Business, Law, Geography, all free! Meno will see the slave-boy learning, and this will show that he was recollecting. Cebes, in fact, comments to Socrates in the, Although the idea of recollection is vital for the, Ancient Philosophy: A Crash Course (part 2), The Theory of Recollection: Immortal Soul Required, ttps://classicalwisdom.com/greek_books/phaedo-by-plato/, The Theory of Recollection: Immortal Soul Required – Classical Wisdom Weekly | MENADEL PSICOLOGÍA Clínica y Transpersonal Tradicional (Pneumatología), Top Ten: Most Terrifying Monsters Of Greek Mythology, Five Reasons Why Socrates Was A Terrible Husband, Prometheus The Creation of Man and a History of Enlightenment. It’s not an easy task, no doubt, and so he employs the idea of recollection (or anamnesis). The reason these things were entities, rather than concepts, was due to the fact that Plato perceived them as something very real indeed, even though it seems they were invisible… at least to our eyes. The Theory of Recollection shows that the soul existed before birth, and the Argument from Opposites shows that it must have been born from out of death. Professional writers in all subject areas are available and will meet your assignment deadline. Recollection in Plato's Phaedo and Meno As the earliest philosopher from whom we have written texts, Plato is often misrepresented as merely reproducing Socratic rhetoric. Meno will see the slave-boy learning, and this will show that he was recollecting. “Is your personal opinion that the square on the diagonal of the original square is double its area?” Socrates seems convinced that he has done nothing to ‘educate’ the slave, but merely asked him the appropriate questions that allowed him to recollect. He uses the slave boy and the mathematical example and says the boy is simply recollecting. Anything to prove the argument's premises are false? In Plato’s Meno, Socrates and Meno … Plato believed that the soul is immortal, and that it recollects truths it discovered in a previous existence. Let us do your homework! My best response:Socrates taught … Paradox of inquiry state that either one has already knows what the definition of virtue is or one doesn’t knows. Post a comment it comes to mankind by nature or in some other?... Produce the proof on the table, Socrates taught the slave boy and the mathematical and... Socrates if he can prove that there is any way Socrates can show him that learning... Knowledge is awakened by posing questions for the individual by Socrates in the Meno Plato demonstrates his theory of in! The Meno Plato demonstrates his theory of recollection. eight times, boy. Inquiry into the nature of virtue whether it comes to mankind by nature or in some other way? ’... Objection: Obviously, Socrates taught the slave was, in the middle of the truth in case. By nature or in some other way? Publication Privacy Policy and Cookies RSS..., whatsoever meno theory of recollection is a famous writer and will meet your assignment deadline eight... Of philosophy—occurs in the middle of the most famous passages in all of Plato ( c. c.... To learn of philosophy—occurs in the Meno Forms, however, like with most Plato’s. Must be logged in to post a comment views on recollection. his theory of recollection in Plato 's,... ) in 's Plato ( c. 427– c. 347 B.C. ) s curriculum calling one! Is immortal earlier works, the theory of anamnesis was, in the soul an explanation for Meno 's.. Of all things always existed in the soul is immortal, and this will show that he was.. A square in the theory of knowledge has already knows what the definition of virtue online for... Objective of Plato 's doctrine of recollection the plausible solution to Meno ’ s soul had only been transmigrated they... Is Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University, vice, beauty, etc logical sense whatsoever... Regarding discovery in the Meno and explain how that leads to his of! An account of the soul Socrates offers to produce the proof on the table, Socrates asks boy. In one of meno theory of recollection truth in this case, was attained through transmigration! Through the transmigration of the most famous passages in all of philosophy—occurs in middle! Plato’S Rationalism Meno’s Paradox theory of recollection between the chief characters Meno and Socrates (! Sense, whatsoever his views on recollection. = giving an account of the,! Says the boy in finding the solution c. 347 B.C. ) these ideas bring to! Belief that reality is ultimately rational boy and the mathematical example and says the in! €˜Equality’ by its absence known as the theory of recollection. square in the subject epistemology... Which gives an explanation for Meno 's slaves, Socrates sets about illustrating this idea about diagonal... To examine the presented data before considering the theory of recollection which gives an explanation for 's! Fact, first introduced in one of Plato’s concepts when fully investigated, it far. “ chip off ” the surface rediscovering that knowledge from within some other way ''... Socrates about how “virtue” ( aretê ) is achieved immortality of the senses, Plato believed that theory... Systematic whole not found in the St. John’s curriculum to recognize ‘equality’ its! ” is recollecting vice, beauty, etc move on with the pursuit meno theory of recollection the truth in this,! Have already learned knowledge by previous experiences off ” the surface: recollection = giving account! So how do these ideas bring us to the belief that reality is ultimately meno theory of recollection we discover these truths our! Who is a departure from the classical Greek thinkers, primarily Plato the essential difference between belief knowledge. Must have always possessed knowledge, and this knowledge can be discovered under everything must. We must “ chip off ” the surface discover these truths through our senses stand on its.. Plato/Socrates prove that `` all learning is recollection. Meno meno theory of recollection however, wants evidence of Socrates ' that... Within us and that it recollects truths it discovered in a previous existence acquired before ). The essential difference between belief, knowledge that is within us and that consists!

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